Time to take a short break from Superman and Flash to check in on Batman. Today we are going to cover Batman: Three Jokers. If you remember in the DC Universe Rebirth #1, there is a brief moment where Batman talks about there being three Jokers. It took 4 years, but chronologically the events take place early in Rebirth. I am basing this on information from comicbookreadingorders.com. There are only three issues in this run, but each is a little longer than your typical comic. This will be my first recap/review of a DC Black Label book too. Here we go!
Batman: Three Jokers Book One: It is raining on the gravestones of Thomas and Martha Wayne. The Batmobile crashes into the headstones and Batman stumbles out and makes his way up to the manor. In the Batcave we see shots of bats flying, the giant penny, the Bat Family costumes, Joker items hanging on the wall, other villain outfits and trophies. Alfred is helping Bruce and promises to clean up the headstones later. The next series of shots are Alfred cutting Bruce out of his suit so he can patch him up. (I cannot express how amazing the layouts are and how beautiful the art is.) Alfred asks what caused the damage this time, it was an umbrella. We see all the scars on Bruce's back (it is a lot). We see flashes of Bane, Riddler, Catwoman, and Killer Croc each giving him a different scar. Then we see many shots of Joker giving him scars. (Man this Bruce is crazy jacked.) As Bruce thinks about all the scars given to him by the Joker, Joker's laugh fills the air.
Flashback to a young Bruce with his parents seeing the movie, The Mark of Zorro. We all know what happens next, but the dialog about the movie is fun. (Turns out "zorro" means "fox" in Spanish.) The family walks into Crime Alley where they are murdered and young Bruce begins to cry. The next panel is the grown Bruce looking very angry. Alfred comments that this recent attack will leave another scar, not that Bruce will notice.
There is a news report playing, the last members of the Moxon Crime Family were executed in downtown Gotham. The killer is the Joker. Seems the Joker has a war of "Chaos" against "Organized" crime. The Moxon Family were once accused of orchestrating the murder of the Wayne family. In the end it was Joe Chill who later confessed claiming he worked alone. The Joker's name is unknown. In the corner of the page there is a note: 1) The Criminal. Bruce reaches for his cowl.
At the gym Barbara Gordon is maxing out a treadmill. The TV in the gym is playing an ad for a drug to help with Restless Leg Syndrome. The news comes on and we hear about the murder of comedian and cultural activist who went by the name "Fatman" while wearing an oversize Batman suit. Barbara walks out of the gym and we see that she has broken the treadmill. She is taking a shower in the gym and we see her bullet hole wound. She is flashing back to when the Joker shot her. She asks him why and his reply is, to prove a point. The note on the corner this time is: 2) The Comedian.
Red Hood is fighting a bunch of Joker goons. Another news report is telling us about the third sighting of the Joker. He has been seen at Ace Chemical. The details are under wraps, but they can confirm bodies have been discovered. Looks like Joker's recent wave of terror started with the murder of the author Dr. Roger Huntoon, who was writing a book about how all masked people are just creating a cycle of costumed savagery that makes good guys and bad guys indistinguishable. Jason has lost his helmet in the fight. He has a flashback to the Joker beating him to death. In the present the Joker goons are debating how to kill Jason, but he rallies and is able to beat enough to ask where the Joker is. This note in the corner is: 3) The Clown.
At Ace Chemicals some employees are dead and wearing the classic Red Hood helmets. Bullock is wondering how the Joker is in three places at once. They think two of them are impostors, but all the killings scream Joker and have eye witnesses. Batman is chilling in the shadows like he does until he joins the group's speculation. Bullock says they have a bet as to which crime was the real Joker and asks Batman to weigh in. Turns out the dead men did not work for Ace Chemicals and because of the chemicals used to kill them, we cannot tell who they are. Like the Joker, they are unidentifiable. Batman thinks the three men are a clue and a distraction. He points out a missing truck. There is a funny line from Jim Gordon.
Batgirl joins the discussion. This is the place where Joker became the Joker. She points out that the Joker made it a priority to look into every camera. All three Jokers made sure there were witnesses. There is also a missing truck and an empty vat of some unknown chemical. Ace Chemicals is bad at keeping records but they suppose that the three men were killed by the now missing unknown substance. Someone starts laughing, and it turns out one of the men is still alive.
Batman offers to give the guy an escort to the hospital while on the way to the next crime scene. Jim will meet them there. Batman and Batgirl chat. He tells her she doesn't have to be here and she tells him off. In the ambulance, Red Hood starts beating the poor Jokerized guy. Naturally, the driver starts to swerve, Batman jumps on board, (putting the Batmobile in auto drive, like he does) while Batgirl finds a way to stop the now out of control ambulance.
We transition to a semi-truck speeding through the night. The truck is leaving a trail of chemicals as the driver parks it in a wooded area. The driver is laughing as he walks up to a small log cabin. Trucker hat Joker walks in making a joke about roadkill. Another Joker, this one wearing the same shirt that Joker wore when shooting Barbara. Both claim it is their shirt. They call the third Joker, boss Joker, because one of them has to be.
Back at the ambulance, Batgirl is giving Red Hood the third degree about beating up victims. Red Hood tells her that the "victim" was in fact a criminal who has a mile long rap sheet, including beating his son. (He got this info from the Joker Goons.) Batman joins the conversation. They have all been tracking Joker since his breakout a week ago. Tonight the Joker made it clear he is not working alone and they should all team up too.
In the cabin, Hawaiian shirt Joker confirms they have the chemicals and trucker hat Joker asks what is next. Boss Joker tells them they do what they always do, try to make a better Joker. (Sorry there are still only three Jokers, I am just not sure when they change outfits who is who.) One needs to set up the "Factory" while the other helps boss Joker with a casting call. Both want to do the casting call, so boss Joker flips a coin. They both call heads and both win. Boss Joker picks one but we don't know which one yet.
The Batfam rolls up on the Aquarium. Place has been closed for two days due to a failed water main. Jason reports that one of the goons had a wrench with traces of seawater on it. Batman says good job but that he should have told him sooner, they might have saved lives. They argue semantics for a bit. Barbara mentions coming to the Aquarium with her dad as a kid, Jason has never been, Bruce's parents built it.
Inside they are discussing the creation of Jokers. Batman's chest is a super bright Bat light. He shines it on the fish tank. The fish are all smiling full on Joker smiles, including a very large shark. Before they can figure out what is up, many men show up including a little guy that Batman calls Gaggy, aka, Court Jester. Fighting breaks out and many shots are fired. The glass is taking many hits. Jester shocks Red Hood with a cattle prod many times and makes a comment about that time Joker killed him (not cool man). Red Hood shoots at him and it is the final straw for the fish tank. The giant shark busts out and eats Jester. Red Hood thinks the Joker's plans are foiled, but Batman points out that the tank was not big enough to have held all of the chemicals.
Joker agrees with Batman's deductions. He attacks them with the smiling fish in a fishbowl. This Joker makes a pretty funny joke about fishing and a robin eating all the worms, but it gets dark when he talks about the worms eating Robin after he killed him. The three bats take down Joker pretty quickly. Batgirl asks Batman if this is the guy, the real Joker. Batman skirts around the question. He seems legit, the laugh, the look, the smiling fish. Jason starts kicking the Joker while he is down, Batgirl stops him. Jim calls them to report the GCPD has a Joker cornered. Batman leaves telling Batgirl and Red Hood to wait for Arkham transport.
They handcuff Joker to a chair, we see cards falling out of his sleeve. Batgirl and Red Hood are discussing if this guy is the real Joker. He looks different. Batgirl wonders if there has always been more than one Joker. Joker tries to spray RH with an acid filled flower, but Batgirl saves him. Joker laughs at his classic weapons. He claims to be the one true Joker and can prove it. They search for him, finding more weapons.
Joker starts to monologue, asking why Red Hood would take on the Joker's original name. Jason claims it is to take back the power, to be the destruction of the Joker. Naturally Joker laughs at and taunts him. Jason points a gun at the restrained Joker. Batgirl tries to talk him down. Joker on the other hand only gets meaner and meaner. Poking at all the pain. Jason is pulling the trigger. Batgirl throws a batarang to try and stop him, but it is too late. Jason hits Joker right in the head.
Batgirl and Jason fight. She asks what is wrong with him and how he could do that. He points out that she wanted it too. She claims to not, but when he asks when the last time she missed a throw was, she can't really argue with him, so she leaves crying. The book ends with Jason standing over the Joker's dead body, hoping he was the right one.
Batman: Three Jokers Book Two: We start this book in an unassuming looking neighborhood. The Comedian Joker rolls up in purple in a truck. He calls a woman honey and declares he is home. The woman looks terrified but still calls him dead. She is putting dinner on the table. Joker asks about Junior, who we see sitting on the stairs. The mom begs him to come down for dinner, they don't want to upset 'Dad' Joker. They all sit down to dinner, it is tense and awkward. They are eating octopus and the Comedian Joker makes a joke but before he can get mad about no one laughing, Criminal/Boss Joker asks what the Comedian Joker is doing. Turns out the scene was all in his head, the wife was a mannequin and the son was a teddy bear.
Boss Joker is unhappy. They know that the Clown Joker is dead. The next page is several shots of the Clown Joker bleeding on the floor. A police officer asks Gordon if he is the real Joker. (Note: The cops are not at the scene of the Aquarium, but at another crime scene. The transition was clever.) Gordon tells us we are not looking at a Joker. Some infected dogs are barking at the window. Batman sedates them and suggests they call Animal Control. The guy the cops are looking at was killed by the dogs, but he was also infected. He is Judge Walls, forced into retirement for being dirty. He was responsible for the revolving door at Arkham. Gordon doesn't think much has changed when it comes to the Joker. Batgirl walks in, disagreeing with Gordon. She wants to talk to Batman. Gordon thinks Joker escaped and Batman wants to know where Red Hood is. Gordon is also looking for Red Hood to arrest him. Batman doesn't think Red Hood is a criminal, but Batgirl says he is.
Outside Batgirl tells Batman that Red Hood killed a Joker. After she asks what they are going to do, Batman is silent. She is understandably upset. She keeps repeating that Red Hood murdered the Joker. Batman repeats that it is a Joker. She is over his semantics. Batman points out that if they turn in Red Hood, he would be unmasked, and as the only witness to the murder, she would also have to be unmasked. She yells at him, not understanding his calmness. The Joker hurt Red Hood (killed him) and hurt Batgirl, but she came out stronger while RH came out more violent. She blames him for not helping RH. Batman agrees with her and says he will never forgive himself. She asks why he didn't help RH after he knew he was alive? He tells her that he had hoped that RH would have been more like Batgirl.
Red Hood is out beating up more Joker goons. Scenes of Batgirl and Batman talking more about what to do about RH and RH breaking a guy's legs. (Pretty brutal). Batgirl and Batman roll up on Blackgate (the prison). Batman admits to being at the Judge's house before the cops got there. The judge was beaten to death with his humanitarian award before the dogs got to him. The reason he didn't tell the cops is because there was a fingerprint on the award that belonged to an inmate of Blackgate. One Joe Chill (aka, guy who admitted to killing Thomas and Martha Wayne).
Walking down the hall of Blackgate, we see three cells, Rupert Thorne, Alexander Sartorius, and Joe Chill. Bruce flashes back to 'that' day. In the present he asks if Joe knows who he is, after no answer, Batman kicks the cell door in (super chill). The cell is empty, they have moved Chill to the hospital wing. He has been in the hospital wing for two months with stage four cancer. Batgirl can't figure out how or why Chill's fingerprint was on the murder weapon. Batman deduces that it was likely to get him to the prison. Batgirl asks what other connection there is between The Joker and Joe Chill besides Batman? He doesn't know but brushes it off. Alfred has located Red Hood.
Red Hood breaks into a condemned public pool. It is a grizzly site, there are many bodies in the pool. Red Hood approaches and takes a sample. He takes off his hood and is surprised he beat Batman to this location. As he is radioing Batgirl, one of the people in the pool reaches out and grabs him. It asks for help, but RH freaks out a little and kicks them in the face. He pulls out his gun to shoot, but doesn't. Someone in purple grabs him from behind and drags him off, making sure to grab Hood's helmet.
A little later, we see a naked Jason beaten pretty badly. He is tied to a chair being taunted by Boss Joker who is recapping Jason's life, death, and rebirth. Joker tells us things happen in threes and then claims to be the first Joker. Jason doesn't care; he promises to kill them all. Joker laughs and cries and laughs more. Jason asks wtf is wrong with him. This Joker says that it hurts when he laughs. Jason does not care and calls BS on being the real Joker. Who is the Joker really though? Boss Joker puts Jason's Red Hood back on, having drawn a real creepy smile on it. Another Joker (the Comedian) joins the party.
They discuss how they have been trying to answer the question, who is the Joker. A Judge? A Serial Killer? A Surgeon? Is Red Hood a Joker? Why else would he take up the mantle? Red Hood tells them it is a joke. Boss Joker calls him out though. They left RH with brain damage and permanent nerve pain, the only relief RH gets is when he is inflicting pain on others. They know that RH hates Batman. The Comedian Joker hit RH with a crowbar, breaking the helmet and knocking him to the ground. They were hoping that Jason might be the next Joker, but it just isn't in the cards. RH tells them they better make sure he is dead this time. Comedian Joker asks why they would do that? He still has hope that RH will rise up again as the Joker. He says this as he is hitting him with a crowbar, fades to red.
Batgirl kicks in the door to the pool. She is yelling for Red Hood. Batman walks in slowly, pointing out they could have been quiet. She correctly points out that if Jason was there he wasn't quiet. They start to hear a lot of people laughing. All the people from the pool are creepy Joker zombies now converging on Batgirl and Batman. They are getting attacked, but trying not to kill them, assuming they are victims. One of the Joker zombies grabs Batman's belt and activates the call button for the Batmobile. Batman saves Batgirl as it comes crashing in, probably killing or at least maiming a lot of the zombies. Batgirl still wants to try to save them, to save Jason (who they think might be one of them). One of the zombies asks for help and for a second Batgirl thinks it is Jason but it isn't. They look through all the bodies and don't find him.
Eventually they find him in the locker room beaten and naked. Batman reaches for him, but Jason yells and moves away. Then he says the thing the Joker's said about being Red Hood and then the Joker. Batman asks the classic wrong question of are you all right. The expected response of a strong worded no. He hates Batman for replacing him without a thought. Batgirl tries to comfort him but he moves away again, telling her to just arrest him. Instead she hugs him and tells him they will get him someplace safe.
At Barbara's apartment, Jason is laying in bed resting. Batman is about to leave to go work some more. Barbara is pretty pissed. She is mad that Jason is hurt, that he killed a guy, and that Batman wants to leave. Batman thinks that since Jason is safe, it is his job to make sure the rest of Gotham is too.
Jason wakes up, taking a moment to get his bearings, until he sees Barbara's wheelchair. He looks up at her calendars marking all of her physical therapy and her books about dealing with chronic pain. Batgirl comes in the window and sees her book but no Jason. He comes out of the shower though. He says he didn't mean to go through her stuff but the book looked useful. Her turn to ask if Jason is okay. He figures he has probably never been okay. He is afraid that the Jokers are right about him, but he doesn't want to be and he hopes she believes him. She wants to. He wants to know why she keeps all the things from when she was in the wheelchair. For her, it is a reminder of all the people that helped her. He didn't have anything like that. She points out that they all thought he was dead or they for sure would have been there for him. They both get very weepy, then hold hands, and then kiss. Barbara pulls away, she didn't mean to kiss him, just express that she cared. He appreciated it. It was just a moment, but they need to stop the Joker, enough people have been hurt.
At the Batcave, Batman is looking at his Joker files. The Criminal/Boss Joker. The Clown Joker/Original Red Hood (now dead). The Comedian, maybe the one who killed Jason. We see a globe for some reason.
At Blackgate, there is an explosion. Joker has kidnapped Joe Chill using the purple truck. Joker puts a hat on Joe Chill and sets up a camera. He tells Chill it is time to finally confess, why did he kill Thomas and Martha Wayne?!
Batman: Three Jokers Book Three: The first page are close ups of our three Jokers. 1) The Criminal, 3) The Clown, 2) The Comedian. (They were in that order). The second page we zoom out to see way more Jokers with labels like The Judge, The Dentist, and The Cult Leader. Zoom out even more. We are in the Batcave and the pictures are all spread out on a large table. Batman, Batgirl and Red Hood are discussing the Joker's plan to create a better Joker. That is why they have been taking and trying to Jokerize so many people. Batgirl wonders what the best Joker looks like and all Jason cares about it taking out the two remaining Jokers.
Batman grabs Jason and yells, "Enough!", startling Batgirl. He yells at him that of course he wanted to kill Joker for all the things he did. Jason points out he didn't, and asks if Batman is going to arrest him? He wouldn't though, would he, because that would reveal all of their identities. Batgirl tries to help, but it turns into a fight. Batman sort of brushes off the argument in favor of getting back to work. He points out that they have tried to change many people in an attempt to create this perfect Joker. Boss/Criminal Joker seems to be the most focused on this goal. He recaps how all three of them seem familiar. Batman thinks one of the three is the original, that he made the other two a joke. Batgirl thinks it is to further hide his identity. Jason figures that the Joker is some nobody.
Batman apologizes to Jason for failing him. He offers to help him find a new identity, a fresh start. Jason passes on the offer, even after Batgirl pushes for it too. Now Jason just wants to get back to work. Although we see a quick flashback of him getting killed, he claims to be okay. Jason accuses Batman of knowing who Joker really is, but Batman claims he doesn't.
Jim Gordon is at Blackgate that is still a little on fire. Batman arrives on the scene where Jim tells him that Joe Chill is gone. Batman asks to see his cell. Batman looks around the cell, eventually finding a letter addressed to Bruce Wayne. Actually many letters. A guard walks up and wants to know if Batman is going to catch the Joker. Instead of answering, Batman asks why none of the letters were never mailed. The guard directs him to a Reverend Evans.
Up on a hill, Batgirl and Red Hood are waiting for info from Batman. It is a tense silence, until Jason asks to talk. He apologizes for messing up and putting her and Batman in a tough place. She admits to being upset. He promises to never do it again. She says that she will not hesitate to unmask him next time.
Batman is talking to the Reverend. Joe, while being uneducated and suffering from a learning disability, was doing his best to write apology letters. Batman says he got sick and wanted to repent. The reverend says no, he had been trying to change and be a better man for a long time. There is a quick cut to the Monarch Theater (movie theater where the Waynes saw their last movie). It is boarded up and very run down. Someone with a crowbar is breaking in. The Reverend explains that the letter should explain why Chill did what he did. As Batman is going through the letters all labeled Bruce Wayne, he finds one addressed to Batman. He opens it to see two tickets to the movie he went to the night his parents were killed.
All of our heroes head to the movie theater. The sign has changed to say, "One Night Only, The New Joker." The three of them split up. Batman goes in the front door. Batgirl takes the high ground going in through the roof entrance. Red Hood takes the back entrance. (I really love the layout of all these books, this shot is really lovely). As they make their way into the theater, all the lights turn on and a voice tells us the show is about to begin. On the screen we see the video Joker made, asking Chill why he murdered Thomas and Martha. Chill doesn't know what he means, but Joker has read all the letters.
Upstairs, Batgirl is jumped by many more Joker zombies all dressed like movie users in purple. Same thing is happening to Jason. In the main theater balcony, Boss Joker has Chill tied to a chair on the ledge. He calls Batgirl the cripple and Red Hood the child, he doesn't care about them. The video is still playing. Chill admits he knew who the Wayne's were. He hated them because of all they had. Boss Joker opens his coat to reveal a giant bomb. Tells Batman to keep back. Boss Joker wants to make Chill into a new Joker.
Batgirl is having a tough fight, she tries to contact Red Hood. Instead, she gets a Joker of her own. He has a camera and a gun. Boss Joker is going on a bit about wanting Joker to be the most important thing in the world. No one but Joe Chill can be the perfect Joker. Jason is still battling many Joker zombies. Boss Joker lifts Chill over a giant vat of chemicals that make Jokers. Batman points out that Chill is a sick old man. In the movie, Joker pushes Chill to tell more. Chill says that he blamed the Wayne's for making people poor. He only planned to rob them, he was just so angry and lost. He didn't see the boy until it was too late.
Red Hood makes it up to where Batgirl is. She is fighting Joker zombies as Red Hood runs in. She tries to warn him, but Comedian Joker shoots him, thankfully only hitting him in the shoulder. Before he can shoot him in the head, Batgirl shoves the Joker's camera in his face. Criminal Joker wants to make the best Joker so he can rest. He starts shooting at Batman as the video continues. Chill later found out that the Wayne's were good people, trying to help Gotham. Chill had spent many years trying to figure out how to tell Bruce he was sorry. While the video is playing, Batman and Boss Joker are fighting. (Note: The bomb Boss Joker is wearing is dynamite, the kind you have to light the wick.) During the fight, Boss Joker is trying to light the dynamite with a lighter that drops into the vat of chemicals. There is a large BOOM.
Now everything is on fire as the fighting continues. Batman fights Boss Joker, while Batgirl and Red Hood are still trying to deal with the Comedian Joker. Comedian Joker backs out of the inferno room, dropping the now very broken camera. Boss Joker cuts the rope holding Chill up, causing him to fall towards the vat. Batman uses his trusty grappling hook to save Chill. He also saves Boss Joker by kicking him out of the burning building. Chill tells Batman that he knows who he is. Chill just means he has never met Batman before but had heard about him while in Blackgate. He continues to tell Batman that he can kill him, he deserves it. Batman won't kill him. Chill says he is really sorry for what he did. Chill says thank you and Batman tells him he is welcome. Boss Joker is up and moving. He is about to blow them all up when Comedian Joker shoots Boss Joker in the head. Then there was one. Last Joker standing surrenders, wanting to go to jail.
In the back of a police van, Joker asks if Bruce feels better. He then names Barbara Gordon and Jason Todd. He knows who they all are but would never tell. That would mean Batman would stop being Batman. Batman asks what Joker wants. Instead or answering, he tells Batman what the other Jokers wanted. Clown Joker wanted to laugh at suffering. Boss/Criminal Joker wanted to create a known Joker. The last Joker standing thinks that is just plain crazy. He claims that all of this was his plan to heal Batman's greatest wound, so that now Joker can be his greatest pain.
Later at the hospital. Bruce Wayne goes to visit Joe Chill. He reads the letters with him. We see Chill flatline and later we see that Bruce has buried Chill and is visiting his grave.
Somewhere in Alaska, Bruce is driving through a snowstorm. (I think a little time jumping is happening and I am going to assume this trip was in the past) Alfred is telling Bruce it is over, but Bruce says that even if Jason had killed all the Jokers, it will never be over for Barbara and Jason. We see Barbara is running on the treadmill next to the one she broke before. Jason wrote a note for Barbara that he is leaving taped on her door. The note is shown to the reader. He wants to make a change, but can't do it alone. He admires her and thinks they could be great together. He promises that if she doesn't reply he will never bring it up again. He walks away and the note falls from the door. Shortly after that a janitor sweeps the note away.
Past Bruce arrives at a house up in Alaska. Present Alfred wonders if they will ever figure out who the Joker is or why he does the things he does. Bruce admits that he knew who the Joker was a week after they first met. There are flashes of a man yelling at his wife about how he failing at getting another job. She is pregnant and wants to leave him. The police help her get away from him by faking her death. In Alaska, Bruce is looking the window of a house. We see a woman with a young son. Bruce knows the Joker's name, but the name never mattered. (The END?)
I loved this story. I will start by admitting that I am a huge fan of Batman and the Bat family in general. I do have a lot more background to draw from too. I know when I read that line back in the Rebirth issue #1 about three Jokers, I was excited to see what they would do with that. I enjoyed just about everything in this comic, the story, the art, the layouts, and the interactions between the characters.
The three people most affected by the Joker are Bruce, Barbara, and Jason. This story gives us a little bit of closure on all three of those stories. Bruce's closure mostly comes in the form of dealing with his parents' death and the man who murdered them, but the Joker did weirdly facilitate that. I think Barbara was already in the best place of the three of them, but she does keep breaking treadmills. Jason had it the worst by far. I do think he was better by the end of the story, but when that note dropped I was pretty sad.
I hope that all of the Jokers were clear in my recap. In the comic it was mostly clear which Joker we were dealing with. I also think we are to assume that Joker number 2, aka, The Comedian, is the original Joker who created the other ones, since we see his family and he matches the origin story of the Red Hood and Joker that I understand the most.
I would recommend this book to anyone who loves Batman, the Bat family, or the Joker. My favorite line of the collection goes to Jason. Mostly because it made me laugh. (Don't tell the Joker.)
Next Week: Superman Vol 1: Son of Superman
Last Week: Action Comics Vol 1: The Path of Doom
Note: All images belong to DC™
The cover art for these issues is gorgeous. Sounds like the general layout within the issues was well done too. I think I prefer the Bat family to Superman. I enjoyed reading this recap!
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